What's Statistical Power?

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What’s Statistical Power? | Statistics

The power is the long-term probability of a series of identical studies to detect a statistically significant effect (eg. p<0.05) if there is any. The probability of a type 2 error in a series of identical studies is one minus the power (1-ß, often 20%).

Eg.

One hundred studies are conducted within the same population with the same treatment A vs treatment B structure. The true treatment difference in real life between A and B is a 30% higher chance of full recovery in treatment A. When the stats are performed on these one hundred studies (same population, same variance, same standard deviation), on average about 20 studies will not show a statistically significant effect. This is the type 2 error rate, or false negatives— directly related to the statistical power (1-ß).

So to put it simply, an inadequately powered study will less often show a statistically significant effect, while there actually is a difference.

This influences power

Power is influenced by a few factors, just like with p-values.

Sample size: bigger sample = more power (clearer differences between groups, fewer data noise)
Variance: smaller variance = more power
Effect sizes: bigger effect sizes = more power (easier to spot by a test)
Type of statistical test: some tests yield more power in exchange for more assumptions (there are no free lunches in stats)

It is crucial to understand, though, that the statistical power (eg. 80%) is there for one measurement tool, for one point in time, for one effect size.

Low power = unreliable study

So an underpowered study increases the risk of type 2 errors (false negatives), but, it increases the risk of type 1 errors as well (false positives), with inflated effects. This is called ‘the winner’s curse’. This is why you simply cannot throw multiple outcome measures at a sample size and measure at multiple points in time without letting your statistical power crash. Good researchers and clinicians know that secondary outcome measures are merely suggestive because the study is not powered for that amount of measures. You need new studies to confirm those suggestions.

I can imagine this sounds a bit counterintuitive. Let’s look at an example.

Eg.

You are lecturing a group of 200 students and decide to split them up into two groups. The aim of your study is to see if there are gender differences like more females in one group compared to the other. There’s no difference. You then look at eye color, hair color, length of their index finger, benchpress PR, QOL, age, amount of siblings, etc. Chances are you will encounter a statistically significant result somewhere. This is the multiple comparison problem.

Solutions

To avoid underpowered studies and the risk of false positives or false negatives, researchers must plan their studies with adequate power. This requires consideration of factors such as sample size, effect size, variance, and the statistical test used. Multiple testing also poses a risk of false positives, which can be addressed through methods such as adjusting the significance level or using False Discovery Rate control. By understanding the concept of statistical power and its importance in hypothesis testing, researchers can design studies that produce reliable and meaningful results.