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Terminology, Immune System, Pathological Processes

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Welcome to your Terminology, Immune System, Pathological Processes Quiz. This quiz has 50 multiple choice questions. Make sure to mark an answer for every question! Good luck!
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What is meant by the term "etiology"?
- the symptoms and signs of a disease
- the identification of a specific disease
- the causative factors of a particular disease
- the chain of events leading to manifest disease
The number of new cases of a particular disease in a given population within a given time period is called:
- mortality
- morbidity
- incidence
- prevalence
Mast cells in the tissue are comparable to which type of blood cells?
- platelets
- monocytes
- B lymphocytes
- basophilic granulocytes
The following white blood cells are capable of phagocytosis, EXCEPT:
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- neutrophilic granulocytes
What is the meaning of the term "chemotaxis"?
- increased permeability of vessel walls
- attraction of defensive cells to the area of an inflammation
- movement of plasma proteins through the interstitial spaces
- movement of leukocytes through vessel walls into the interstitial space

How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) achieve their anti-inflammatory effect?
- by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
- by counteracting the effects of histamine
- by slowing down the actions of leukocytes
- by decreasing the permeability of capillary walls
In chronic inflammations, several cell types are invloved, EXCEPT:
- fibroblasts
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- neutrophilic granulocytes
Which type of burn involves destruction of the complete epidermis?
- a deep full-thickness burn
- a deep partial-thickness burn
- a superficial full-thickness burn
- a superficial partial-thickness burn
Which cell is capable of producing antibodies?
- lymphoblast
- B lymphocyte
- helper T lymphocyte
- cytotoxic T lymphocyte
Which type of immunoglobulin is responsible for the passive immunity of a newborn baby?
- IgA
- IgE
- IgG
- IgM

Which statement regarding helper T lymphocytes is NOT correct?
- they are necessary for antigen presentation
- they have differentiated and developed in the thymus
- they regulate the activity of all theother immune cells
- they are favorite targets of the human immunodeficiency virus
Which statement regarding anaphylaxis is correct?
- the immunoglobulin involved is IgA
- it is commonly caused by contact with metals, dyes or rubber
- it immediately leads to severe hypertension and hyperventilation
- it implies a sudden massive release of histamine in the general circulation
What does "seroconversion" mean in relation to HIV and AIDS?
- surface antigen of HIV has been found in the blood
- the incubation period of the disease has come to an end
- the virus has been isolated in the blood or other body fluids
- antibodies against HIV have been identified in the patient’s blood
Which medical condition is an example of an autoimmune disorder?
- serum sickness
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- antagonism against the Rhesus antigen on the surface of red blood cells
Which statement regarding viruses is correct?
- they don’t contain DNA or RNA
- they are capable of producing spores
- they are generally larger than protozoa
- they are are dependent on other living cells for their reproduction

Alcohol or iodine solutions, used to clear the skin of as many germs a possible would be called:
- autoclaves
- antiseptics
- bacteriostatics
- sterilizing agents
The athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is caused by which type of microorganism?
- fungi
- viruses
- protozoa
- bacterium
The composition of the influenza vaccine has to be changed every year. Why?
- because of the limited supply of vaccine
- because of the antigenic shift in virus strains
- because of the fast development of resistance to antibiotics
- because of the ever-changing "repertoire" of antibodies in the average individual
The first step in carcinogenesis is a change in the DNA code of one cell. This change is called:
- mutation
- proliferation
- degeneration
- differentiation
Which type of cells have rapid rates of mitosis?
- osteoblasts
- erytrocytes in the blood stream
- endothelial cells lining blood vessels
- mucosal cells lining the digestive tract

How would you call a benign tumor of milk-producing cells in the breast?
- adenoma
- prolactinoma
- mastocytoma
- mammacarcinoma
Which of the following tumors is malignant?
- sarcoma
- osteoma
- hematoma
- all of the above
We may call a tumor certainly "malignant" if it shows this feature:
- autonomous growth
- evidence of dissemination
- surrounded by a thin capsule
- compression of surrounding tissue
In the diagnostic phase of cancer treatment, the tumor is graded. What does the expression "tumor grade IV" mean?
- the tumor is very large
- the disease is incurable
- the cancer cells are undifferentiated
- there are metastases in many other organs
Which statement regarding cancer pain is correct?
- pain is one of the early warning signs of cancer
- pain is often caused by malignant infiltration of joint cartilage
- pain may be caused by stretch of capsules like those of liver or kidneys
- pain is always caused by secondary effects of tumors, like infection, ischemia or bleeding

Adjuvant cancer therapy is a type of:
- placebo treatment
- curative treatment
- palliative treatment
- prophylactic treatment
Dehydration may lead to the following signs, EXCEPT:
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- lowered skin turgor
- increase of hematocrit
Following a breast amputation, women may complain of a swollen arm at the operated side. What could be the cause of this edema?
- increased capillary permeability
- obstruction of lymphatic drainage
- decreased plasma osmotic pressure
- impeded venous return from the arm
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may lead to a combination of:
- edema and acidosis
- edema and alkalosis
- dehydration and acidosis
- dehydration and alkalosis
Severe pneumonia could lead to:
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory alkalosis

Which condition is BOTH congenital AND genetic?
- cleft palate
- spina bifida
- phenylketonuria
- Huntington's chorea
Which of the following disorders is multifactorial?
- hemophilia
- schizophrenia
- Turner's syndrome
- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Consider the inheritance of an autosomal dominant disorder. If an affected father and a completely unaffected mother were to have children, what would you expect of their offspring?
- 50% of the boys are affected
- 50% of the boys are carriers
- 25% of the girls are carriers
- 25% of the girls are completely unaffected
Consider the inheritance of an autsomal recessive disorder. If both parents were carriers of an abnormal gene, would would you expect of their offspring?
- 75% of the boys are affected
- 50% of the boys are carriers
- 25% of the girls are carriers
- 0% of the girls are completely un affected
Consider the inheritance of an X-linked recessive disorder. If an affected father and a mother who is a carrier of the abnormal gene were to have children, how would you predict the risk of the sons to have the same disease as their father?
- 100%
- 75%
- 50%
- 25%

What is the karyotype of a boy with Down's syndrome
- 44 autosomes + XXY
- 44 autosomes + XYY
- 45 autosomes + X0
- 45 autosomes + XY
Which of the following statements about normal age-related changes is true?
- the level of all hormones decrease
- strength of skeletal muscles declines
- inspiration is limited but expiration is not affected
- production of saliva increases, eventually often leading to drooling
The risk of osteoporosis developing in older women can be reduced by:
- taking glucocorticoids
- taking estrogens or estrogen-like drugs
- avoiding mechanical strain to the bones
- stimulating osteoclast activity in the bones
What is usually the first sign of a decubitus ulcer developing in an area?
- pallor
- redness
- loss of sensation
- low skin temperature
Which of the following factors predispose to the development of pneumonia in elderly bed-ridden patients?
- retention of carbon dioxide
- deep and frequent breathing
- pooled secretions in the lungs
- frequent contact with family members, friends and neighbours

What is meant by the term "biopsy"?
- analysis of body fluids
- examination of the body after death
- excision of a small amount of living tissue
- a surgical procedure to remove a diseased organ
A period of increased symptoms and sign in the course of a chronic disease is called:
- a sequela
- a complication
- an exacerbation
- a precipitating factor
During an inflammatory response, histamine is secreted by:
- bacteria
- mast cells
- B lymphocytes
- neutrophilic granulocytes
Nutruphilic (or polymorphonuclear) granulocytes are to be found in exudates, especially:
- serous exudates
- purulent exudates
- fibrinous exudates
- hemorrhagic exudates
Rubor (redness), one of the classical local signs of inflammation, is caused by:
- closing of precapillary sphincters
- increased permeability of capillary walls
- vasodilation of arterioles, capillaries and venules
- all of the above

Several medical conditions may occur as a complication of burn injuries. Which one is the LEAST likely?
- pneumonia
- overhydration
- circulatory shock
- hypermetabolism
An infection by resident flora is most appropriately called:
- chronic infection
- sporadic infection
- nosocomial infection
- opportunistic infection
What is often a dose-limiting factor in chemotherapy?
- diarrhea
- nausea and vomiting
- bone marrow suppression
- the development of depression and/or psychosis
Which statement regarding granulation tissue is true?
- it is formed out of a blood clot
- it contains a lot of capillary buds
- it is yellowish or brownish in color
- it is especially abundant in wounds who are healing by first intention
Which cells are unable to reproduce?
- osteoblasts
- epithelial cells
- T lymphocytes
- mature neurons

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