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Biomechanics: Gait

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Biomechanics Gait Quiz. This quiz has 40 multiple choice questions. Make sure to mark an answer for every question! Good luck!
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What is a step of the right leg?
- heel strike of the right foot until heel strike of the left foot
- heel strike of the left foot until heel strike of the right foot
- heel strike of the right foot until heel strike of the right foot
What is a normal step frequency, walking at normal (1.4 m/s) speed?
- 0.5 steps/second
- 1 step/second
- 2 steps/second
What percentage of the gait cycle is spent in double-limb support?
- 24%
- 12%
- 6%
What is a normal foot angle (angle between line of progression and longitudinal axis of the foot)?
- 0°
- 6°
- 12°
At what percentage of the gait cycle can you expect opposite mid swing?
- 30%
- 45%
- 15%

Which event marks the transition from initial swing to mid swing?
- Toe off
- Feet adjacent
- Tibia vertical
Terminal stance...
- begins when the heel rises and ends when the contralateral lower extremity touches the ground
- is the phase from opposite toe-off to heel rise
- takes place from foot contact of the contralateral limb to toe off of the ipsilateral foot
At what percentage of the gait cycle is the potential energy at its maximum?
- 30%
- 55%
- 100%
At what percentage of the gait cycle is the kinetic energy at its maximum?
- 30%
- 80%
- None of the above
Which strategy reduces the downward displacement of the GCM?
- Transversal plane pelvic rotation
- Frontal plane pelvic rotation
- None of the above

Which strategy reduces the upward displacement of the GCM?
- Transversal plane pelvic rotation
- Frontal plane pelvic rotation
- None of the above
In the frontal plane, what is the position of the right hip during the bipedal phases?
- Maximally adducted
- Maximally abducted
- Approximately neutral
When is the subtalar joint everting?
- During Loading Response
- During Terminal Stance
- None of the above
When is the hip joint internally rotating?
- During Loading Response
- During Pre-swing
- During Initial Swing
When is the hip joint maximally internally rotated?
- At 0% of the gait cycle
- At 100% of the gait cycle
- At 50% of the gait cycle

When is the magnitude of the GRF the greatest?
- At the end of loading response
- In the middle of stance
- At the end of pre-swing
At heel strike the ground reaction force has
- A flexion moment at the hip joint
- An extension moment at the hip joint
- No moment at the hip joint
What is the peak ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior direction?
- 120% of body weight
- 20% of body weight
- 5% of body weight
At what point in the gait cycle is the gastrocnemius most likely at its greatest length?
- Between 40 and 50%
- Between 90 and 95%
- Between 10 and 15%
Activity of the m. gluteus maximus in loading response has mainly as function
- Propulsing the body forward
- Slowing down of excessive knee flexion
- None of the answers are correct

Activity of the m. triceps surae in mid stance phase has mainly as function
- Propulsing the body forward
- Slowing down the tibia
- Both answers are correct
If the dorsiflexors are contracting in the beginning of initial swing they mainly do so
- Concentrically
- Eccentrically
- Isometrically
The muscle activity of the m. iliopsoas is not always clear from literature, but if it’s active, where is the gait cycle would it be most relevant?
- Terminal swing to slow down the flexion movement in the hip
- Mid swing to oppose the extension moment of gravity
- Beginning of swing to initiate the leg swing
What do patients with a leg length difference usually show to compensate?
- Circumduction the short leg during swing
- Shorten the longer leg during stance
- Both a) and b) are correct
What can patients with weakened quadriceps do to compensate?
- Holding the knee in extension with their hand/arm during stance
- Have their lower extremity externally rotated (at the hip joint) during stance
- Both a) and b) are correct

Patients with a weak (or paralyzed) m. gluteus maximus show an excessive backward bending of the trunk
- Because of positioning the PCM of the head, arms and trunk in front of the hip joint
- Because of using the extension limitation of the ligaments of the hip joint
- None of the above is correct
What could initial contact with the forefoot (instead of heel) indicate?
- Contracture of plantar flexors
- Severe weakness of dorsiflexors
- Both a) and b) are correct
What could a “drop foot” during swing indicate?
- Very mild weakness of tibialis anterior
- Paralysis of tibialis anterior
- Contracture of tibialis anterior
What could be the cause of premature elevation of the heel in mid stance?
- Spasticity of m. tibialis anterior
- Limitation of ankle to dorsiflex
- Mild weakness of m. Gastrocnemius
Patients with an ankylosis of the hip joint in a flexed position show the tendency
- to bend the trunk forwards in beginning of stance phase
- to bend the trunk forwards at the end of stance phase
- to bend the trunk forwards at the end of swing phase

Which event indicates the start of the stride of the right leg?
- Loading response
- Heel rise
- Initial contact
Which of the following is a ‘phase’ in the gait cycle?
- Heel rise
- Mid stance
- Tibia vertical
What is the total duration of the stance phase?
- 40% of the gait cycle
- 50% of the gait cycle
- 60% of the gait cycle
What is the correct order of phases in the swing phase?
- Pre swing – Initial swing – Mid swing – Terminal swing
- Initial swing – Mid swing – Terminal swing
- Toe off – Feet adjacent – Next initial contact
What does the event “Opposite toe off” indicate?
- Transition from stance to swing
- Transition from pre swing to initial swing
- Transition from loading response to mid stance

What is the moment of the ground reaction force at hip during loading response?
- flexion
- extension
- zero
What is the moment gravity at hip during terminal swing?
- flexion
- extension
- zero
Which of the following is an ‘event’ in the gait cycle?
- Loading response
- Mid stance
- Tibia vertical
Mid swing is the phase between
- 60% and 73% of the gait cycle
- 73% and 87% of the gait cycle
- 87% and 100% of the gait cycle
Which pathological condition could arise from paralysis of the hamstrings?
- Genu recurvatum
- Trendelenburg
- Hemiplegic gait

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