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Fundamentals

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Welcome to your Anatomy Fundamentals Quiz. This quiz has 55 multiple choice questions. Make sure to mark an answer for every question! Good luck!
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Frontal planes nearer to the front of the body are posterior or dorsal, while those nearer to the back are anterior or ventral.
- True
- False
Transversal planes nearer to the head are cranial, while those nearer to the sacrum are caudal.
- True
- False
Movements of the trunk in the transverse plane are known as lateral flexion (to the left or right) and in the frontal plane as rotation (to the left and right)
- True
- False
When rotation of a limb brings the lateral side anteriorly, it is termed lateral rotation (or external rotation)
- True
- False
Plantar Flexion is a movement of the foot at the ankle joint towards the sole.
- True
- False

An aponeurosis is a membrane of fibrous tissue which sheathes orther tissues.
- True
- False
A ligament is mostly a fibrous band joining two bones.
- True
- False
Foramen means "hole", condyle means "knuckle", crus means "arm" and brachium means "leg".
- True
- False
Except for the articular part, a bone is enclosed in a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue: perichondrium
- True
- False
Among others the femur consists of compact bone, cancellous (spongy) bone and a marrow cavity.
- True
- False

The periosteum consists of a superficial layer containing osteoblasts and a second deeper layer of fibrous tissue, containing connective tissue cells.
- True
- False
The medullary cavity is filled with yellow marrow and the spaces in the cancellous bone with red marrow.
- True
- False
Cartilage consists of osteocytes, contained in lacunae and surrounded by intercellular substance containing collagen.
- True
- False
Cartilage is relatively non-vascular and is commonly nourished by tissue fluids.
- True
- False
The following anatomical structures consist of hyaline cartilage: 1. Articular cartilage of synovial joints 2. The labrum enlarging the sockets of the shoulder and hip joint 3. Intervertebral discs joining the vertebral bodies
- True
- False

Among others white fibrocartilage is found at the xiphoid process of the sternum and in the costal cartilage.
- True
- False
The Haversian system (=osteone) has a central canal which is surrounded by up to ten, or more, concentric lamellae of bone tissue.
- True
- False
Bone has two principal components: an organic matrix (water, mucopolysacharides and collagen) and a mineral matrix (calcium, phosphate, etc.)
- True
- False
The three distinct classes of joints are: 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Syndesmosis
- True
- False
Fibrous joints exist in three types: 1. Sutures 2. Gomphoses 3. Synchondroses
- True
- False

Sutures are only found in the skull; at sutures, no movement occurs.
- True
- False
Synostosis means "obliteration" of a joint.
- True
- False
A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint in which the uniting fibrous tissue forms an interosseus membrane or ligament.
- True
- False
One of the two synchondroses that persists throughout life is the first sternocostal joint.
- True
- False
The symphysis (secondary cartilaginous) is a more specialized joint than the synchondrosis; the symphysis occurs only in the median plane and persists throughout life.
- True
- False

Typical examples of a symphysis are the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae.
- True
- False
The inner layer of the articular capsule is formed by the fibrous membrane, the outter layer by the synovial membrane.
- True
- False
Articular cartilage is very well innervated and therefore is very sensitive.
- Lower
- Higher
At each end, the synovial membrane is firmly attached to the periosteum of the articulating bones, at a variable distance from the edge of the articular cartilage.
- True
- False
The synovial membrane may be strengthened by adjacent muscle tendons of by ligaments.
- True
- False

When the amount of fibres in the fibrous capsule is increased, and when these fibres are arranged in parallel bundles, this part of the capsule is often called a ligament.
- True
- False
An important function of an articular disc is to limit the range of movement (rotation) at the joint.
- True
- False
The surface of the synovial membrane is increased by small synovial villi and larger synovial folds.
- True
- False
The synovial bursae contain fluid resembling blood and they serve to facilitate the play of one structure upon another.
- True
- False
A subfacial bursa is placed between the skin and the underlying deep fascia of the body.
- True
- False

Synovial sheets surround ligaments running in osteofacial tunnels.
- True
- False
Among others, force of cohesion and atmospheric pressure are factors which keep the articular surfaces in contact with each other.
- True
- False
The prototype of an art. plana has only one axis around which the bones rotate.
- True
- False
The prototype of an art. sellaris has two axes (at right angles) around which the bones rotate.
- True
- False
The prototype of a ginglymus and the prototype of an art. trochoidea have both two axes (at right angles) around which the bones rotate.
- True
- False

You need two perpendicular axes to describe all possible rotations of an art. spheroidea.
- True
- False
The prototype of an art. ellipsoidea has three axes (at right angles) around which the bones rotate.
- True
- False
At an art. ellipsoidea circumduction is allowed.
- True
- False
Each fasciculus of a muscle is bound together by connective tissue called the perimysium.
- True
- False
The assembly of fasciculi of a muscle is enclosed in a fibrous wrapping called the endomysium.
- True
- False

Tendons as flat sheets of dense connective tissue are called fasciae.
- True
- False
Flat sheets of dense connective tissue that penetrate muscles are called septa.
- True
- False
During an isometric contraction, the length of the muscle does not change.
- True
- False
During an eccentric contraction, the tension generated inside the muscle always increases.
- True
- False
When the passive (not contracting) hamstrings prevent full flexion at the hip joint and simultaneously prevent full extension at the knee joint, the are called to be passive insufficient.
- True
- False

When the concentrically contracting hamstrings are not able to maximally extend the hip joint and simultaneously maximally flex the knee joint, they are called to be active insufficient.
- True
- False
The attachment of a muscle which lies more proximal towards the base of the limb (or on the trunk) is usually referred to as the origin of the muscle.
- True
- False
The muscle is said to be a prime mover when it contracts for the primary purpose of producing the specified movement.
- True
- False
A muscle which opposes a specified movement is called a synergist.
- True
- False
Muscles which contract in order to provide a stable base for the action of the prime movers (= muscles that assist the action of the prime movers) are called antagonists.
- True
- False

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