• Degenerative joint disease affecting cartilage, bone, and soft tissues around the glenohumeral joint.

• Common in individuals over 60, but can occur earlier. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, and movement restrictions.

• Risk factors: Age, genetics, joint dysplasia, obesity, excessive exercise, joint trauma, rotator cuff arthropathy, and certain occupations.

• Deep aching, activity-related joint pain, typically posteriorly. Restriction in passive range of motion, particularly external rotation. Night and rest pain, mechanical symptoms like catching, and locking may occur with disease progression.
• Diagnsosi based on clinical presentation, patient history, physical examination, and confirmed with imaging (X-ray or MRI). BESS criteria include pain >3 months, global ROM reduction, and radiographs to confirm.
• Differential Diagnoses: Rotator cuff tears, AC joint pain, frozen shoulder, shoulder instability, Parsonage Turner syndrome, avascular necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, crystal arthropathies, acromioclavicular OA, neoplasm, and brachial plexitis.

• Medication: Oral paracetamol and NSAIDs recommended for pain management. Opiate-based analgesia not advised for long-term use.
• Corticosteroid Injections: No evidence supporting routine use.
• Suprascapular Nerve Block (SSNB): Used for both acute and chronic shoulder pain.
• Surgery Options: Arthroscopy, Hemi-arthroplasty, Humeral Head Resurfacing, Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty, Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty,
• Physical therapy as part of a multimodal treatment strategy showed sustained improvements in a trial by Guo et al. (2016).

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