{"id":27983,"date":"2026-05-26T22:30:16","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T20:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/?post_type=research&#038;p=27983"},"modified":"2026-05-26T21:48:53","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T19:48:53","slug":"aclr-return-to-sport-test-batteries","status":"publish","type":"research","link":"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/research\/aclr-return-to-sport-test-batteries\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyond the Clinic: Do Physiotherapy Clinic-Based ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries Capture Full Readiness? A Comparison with the Gold Standard"},"featured_media":27991,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"featured-tag":[],"tracking_tag":[2197,2199],"class_list":["post-27983","research","type-research","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tracking_tag-knee","tracking_tag-sports-rtp"],"acf":{"free_access":"unfree","app_link":"https:\/\/app.physiotutors.com\/research-reviews\/ACLR-Return-to-Sport-Test-Batteries","sections":[{"acf_fc_layout":"page-header-small","background":{"background_image":27990,"background_image_alt_text":"ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries"},"heading":"Beyond the Clinic: Do Physiotherapy Clinic-Based ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries Capture Full Readiness? A Comparison with the Gold Standard","subheading":"Werner et al. (2026)","benefits":[{"benefit":"Passing RTS testing does not mean complete recovery. Important deficits in RTD and biomechanics remained despite excellent hop and strength symmetry"},{"benefit":"Explosive force production may matter more than maximal strength. RTD deficits were much larger than peak strength deficits and may better reflect sport readiness"},{"benefit":"Athletes still underload the reconstructed limb. Even \u201ccleared\u201d athletes continued using protective landing strategies during dynamic tasks"}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","background_color":"none","content_alignment":"left","content_editor":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although widely supported and recommended, a <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29787697\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent survey<\/a> of physiotherapists concluded that return-to-sport testing is not regularly performed in clinical settings. One of the reasons, therefore, is the lack of equipment available. This is a problematic finding, as <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32247810\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passing a return-to-sport test battery<\/a> consisting of strength, performance-based metrics, and self-reported knee function is associated with reduced anterior cruciate ligament reinjury risk and improved return-to-sport rates. The authors of the current study highlighted that one of the barriers to this discrepancy is the reported use of specialized equipment like expensive isokinetic dynamometers, which are unavailable in physiotherapy practice. To overcome this barrier, several attempts have been made to construct physiotherapy-approved return-to-sport assessments that are applicable for use and effectively implemented in real-life. But to support their use, we must be certain that the clinic-based return-to-sport test batteries are valid when compared to the gold standard examinations. Therefore, this study examined how a clinic-based return-to-sport testing battery performed against a gold standard and whether residual strength or biomechanical deficits remained in those passing the test battery.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Methods<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was a cross-sectional study involving athletes aged 10-25 years who had undergone unilateral ACL reconstruction (ACLR) within the previous 5-15 months. The participants intended to return to cutting-and-pivoting sports (level 1 or 2 sports such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, gymnastics, hockey, martial arts, etc.).<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_27984\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1236\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-27984\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/werner2026-tab1.jpg\" alt=\"ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries\" width=\"1236\" height=\"318\" \/> From: Werner et al., Orthop J Sports Med (2026)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patients were excluded if they had previous surgery to either knee, multiligament reconstruction, and\/or significant additional surgical procedures.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The patients were invited to t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he clinic-based return-to-sport test battery when either their physiotherapist or the surgeon determined that they were physically capable of performing the tests. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The test battery was intentionally designed to be realistic and accessible for physiotherapy clinics. Participants had to pass ALL of the following:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u226590% limb symmetry index (LSI) for:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isometric quadriceps strength: The clinic-based isometric quadriceps test was designed as a simple, low-cost alternative to laboratory dynamometry. Participants sat in a knee extension machine with the hip flexed to about 80\u00b0 and the knee fixed at 90\u00b0 flexion. The chest and thigh were strapped down, while a crane scale attached to the machine arm measured force during a maximal isometric knee extension effort. Participants completed three warm-up efforts followed by three maximal 5-second contractions, with the highest force value recorded.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1RM knee extension strength (isotonic): The clinic-based isotonic test used the same knee extension machine setup but assessed dynamic strength through a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) knee extension. Participants extended the knee from 90\u00b0 flexion to full extension while resistance was progressively increased until they could no longer complete a successful repetition through the full range of motion. The heaviest successful repetition was recorded.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single hop<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Triple hop<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crossover hop<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6-meter timed hop<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u226590% score on:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IKDC<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global Rating Scale (GRS)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If athletes failed, they received additional rehabilitation and were retested 4-6 weeks later. When they passed, they proceeded to the laboratory testing within two weeks.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<b>Laboratory Testing<\/b>\r\n<h3><b>Isometric Quadriceps Testing<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the laboratory, participants were tested using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. They sat upright with the hips flexed to 90\u00b0 while straps stabilized the trunk, pelvis, and thigh. For isometric testing, the knee was fixed at 90\u00b0 flexion, and participants performed maximal contractions while being instructed to kick \u201cas hard and fast as possible,\u201d allowing the researchers to assess both maximal torque and rate of torque development (RTD).<\/span>\r\n<h3><b>Isotonic Quadriceps Testing<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory isotonic testing used the same setup, but the dynamometer controlled knee movement at a constant speed of 60\u00b0\/second. Participants completed five maximal repetitions of knee extension and flexion, allowing the researchers to measure quadriceps and hamstring torque under standardized conditions.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<h3><strong>Drop Jump Testing<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participants performed bilateral and unilateral drop vertical jump tasks while their movement patterns were analyzed using a 3D motion capture system with force plates. Sixteen motion-capture cameras and two force plates were used to track the movements of the reflective markers placed on the participants. They performed bilateral drop vertical jumps (BDVJ) and unilateral drop vertical jumps (UDVJ), and from this data, the researchers analyzed:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Knee flexion moments (KFM)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ground reaction forces (GRF)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Knee extension power (KEP)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jump height<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reactive strength index (RSI)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Results<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A total of 69 athletes were enrolled, but only 53 successfully passed the clinic-based RTS battery and proceeded to laboratory testing. The average participant was 17 years old, had undergone ACLR 10 months ago, and had completed more than 8 months of physical therapy.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_27985\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"748\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-27985\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/werner2026-tab3.jpg\" alt=\"ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries\" width=\"748\" height=\"924\" \/> From: Werner et al., Orthop J Sports Med (2026)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The physiotherapy clinic-based test results revealed that the injured limb had achieved similar strength levels and hop test performance to the noninjured limb, as shown in the table below.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_27986\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1498\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-27986\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/werner2026-tab4.jpg\" alt=\"ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries\" width=\"1498\" height=\"624\" \/> From: Werner et al., Orthop J Sports Med (2026)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory testing revealed that despite passing clinical RTS criteria, important deficits remained. Isometric quadriceps strength in the injured limb was, on average, 7.6% lower, and isotonic quadriceps strength was, on average, 4.9% lower compared to the uninvolved limb.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, nearly 30% of participants still had &lt;80% LSI on isometric testing, and 11% achieved LSI between 85-90%, which is still below the proposed threshold of &gt;90%. Almost half of the patients failed to achieve the proposed 3 Nm\/kg isometric knee extension torque normalized to body mass. Although clinic-based test results appeared acceptable, many individuals still had meaningful deficits when gold-standard laboratory testing was examined.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analysis of the reconstructed limb revealed significant discrepancies in explosive capacity:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 6.3% deficit in the early rate of torque development (0-100 ms)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 20.9% deficit in the late rate of torque development (100-200 ms)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The magnitude of the late RTD deficit was particularly striking, highlighting a persistent physiological gap.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These findings underscore that even when peak force production meets clinical symmetry standards, the ability to generate that force rapidly, needed for athletic readiness, remains substantially compromised.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_27987\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1484\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-27987\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/werner2026-tab5.jpg\" alt=\"ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1140\" \/> From: Werner et al., Orthop J Sports Med (2026)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The findings derived from the motion analysis revealed that<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the injured limb consistently demonstrated underloading patterns when compared to the uninvolved side. The ACLR limb had:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower vertical ground reaction force<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower knee flexion moments<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower knee extension power<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower jump height<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower reactive strength index<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Questions and thoughts<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The test battery was performed within 5 to 15 months after ACLR, and this may reflect a wide variation in physical readiness. Furthermore, no background information was given to understand the components of the patients\u2019 rehabilitation background. When the rate of torque development (RTD) and landing mechanics are insufficiently restored, we can question whether or not these had been components of the rehabilitation program.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RTD reflects <\/span><b>how fast force can be produced<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not just how much force is produced.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The authors divided RTD into:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early RTD: 0-100 ms<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Late RTD: 100-200 ms<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early RTD (0-100 ms) reflects how quickly the nervous system can activate the muscle, making it especially important for rapid reactions like landing, cutting, or decelerating. Late RTD (100-200 ms) reflects how quickly the muscle can continue building force after activation and is influenced more by actual muscle strength capacity. In this study, athletes showed much larger deficits in late RTD than in peak strength, suggesting that they could produce force, but not rapidly enough for sport-specific demands.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This matters because cutting, landing, and deceleration tasks occur extremely rapidly in sport. An athlete may eventually produce high force but still fail to produce it quickly enough during sport-specific tasks.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As landing, pivoting, and cutting mechanics are especially important in these level 1 and 2 sports, we can propose that the RTD is maybe a more important criterion than peak strength, but then, this would not be possible in a regular physiotherapy clinic. These findings raise the question of whether some higher-risk athletes may benefit from additional laboratory-based assessment before RTS. That way, (subtle) differences can still be identified and worked on in the clinic before \u201cclearing\u201d someone who might not be truly ready yet, without us knowing.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future investigations should explore whether plyometric interventions or velocity-based resistance training would more effectively address these persistent RTD deficits; such research remains a necessary and clinically relevant step in refining rehabilitation protocols.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Talk nerdy to me<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The authors used paired t-tests to compare involved and uninvolved limbs and applied a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction to reduce the risk of false-positive findings due to multiple comparisons.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was a cross-sectional study, and this methodology has an inherent limitation, as it captures only a single measurement in time without any long-term follow-up to track progress.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, we must consider the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asmr.2022.06.018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">possibility that a seemingly excellent LSI was merely the result of a relative strength decrease in the noninjured limb<\/a>, rather than true recovery of the reconstructed side.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This paper highlights a critical discrepancy that clinicians must consider:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Peak force capacity<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> versus<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Neuromuscular explosiveness and movement quality<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the clinic-based battery effectively captured peak outputs and symmetry during relatively controlled or slower tasks, it may fail to represent the chaotic nature of sport.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Athletic participation demands performance under high velocity, in short reaction timeframes with rapid transitions between eccentric and concentric phases. As such, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he importance of the rate of torque development cannot be overstated, as ACL injury mechanisms typically occur within milliseconds of initial contact. An inability to generate force rapidly often forces the athlete into compensatory loading strategies. Notably, the observed movement asymmetries were proportionally larger than peak strength deficits, suggesting that restoring maximal strength alone is insufficient to normalize biomechanical behavior.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Take-home messages<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This study suggests that physiotherapy clinic-based return-to-sport testing batteries are useful and clinically valuable, but they may not tell the whole story. This study observed that athletes who \u201cpass\u201d common clinical criteria can still demonstrate reduced explosive quadriceps function, altered landing mechanics, and persistent underloading of the surgical limb. The biggest clinical implication is that symmetry in simple strength and hop tests does not necessarily equal restoration of high-level neuromuscular function. Thus, clinic-based test batteries may not tell the whole truth for athletes post-ACLR.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Reference<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/41685041\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Werner DM, Conlin A, Muray P, Sanny W, Thomsen C, Wellsandt M, Weldon N, Tao M, Wellsandt E. Quadriceps Strength and Movement Patterns in Patients After ACLR Who Pass a Clinic-Based Return-to-Sport Testing Battery. Orthop J Sports Med. 2026 Feb 10;14(2):23259671251410098. doi: 10.1177\/23259671251410098. Erratum in: Orthop J Sports Med. 2026 Mar 26;14(3):23259671261434981. doi: 10.1177\/23259671261434981. PMID: 41685041; PMCID: PMC12891422.<\/span><\/a>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"author","author":{"":null,"image":25230,"image_alt_text":"Ellen Vandyck","name":"Ellen Vandyck","function_or_description":"Research Manager"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"cta-big","heading":"LEARN TO OPTIMIZE REHAB & RTS DECISION MAKING AFTER ACL RECONSTRUCTION","subheading":"MOST PHYSIOS ARE NOT CONFIDENT IN RTS REHAB","content_editor":"Sign up for this\u00a0<strong>FREE webinar<\/strong>\u00a0and top leading expert in ACL rehab Bart Dingenen will show you exactly how\u00a0<strong>you can do better<\/strong>\u00a0in ACL rehab and return to sport decision making\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","form_toggle":true,"form":"41","number_of_buttons":"zero","button_1":{"button_1_button_type":"internal_link","button_1_button_label":"","button_1_button_style":"button-one : 1","button_1_button_internal_link":null,"button_1_button_anchor":"","button_1_button_url":"","button_1_button_file":null},"button_2":{"button_2_button_type":"internal_link","button_2_button_label":"","button_2_button_style":"button-one : 1","button_2_button_internal_link":null,"button_2_button_anchor":"","button_2_button_url":"","button_2_button_file":null},"image":5052,"image_alt_text":"ACL RTS webinar","overlay":false}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Do ACLR Return-to-Sport Test Batteries Capture Full Readiness? 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