{"id":5272,"date":"2016-09-19T16:08:08","date_gmt":"2016-09-19T14:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/?p=5272"},"modified":"2023-03-29T15:45:31","modified_gmt":"2023-03-29T13:45:31","slug":"clinical-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/clinical-bias\/","title":{"rendered":"Clinical Bias-What is it and how to avoid it"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We have just finished the first weekend of our part-time Master&#8217;s studies and we had to read a nice article in preparation for a lecture. It sparked great thoughts and got us thinking. Read more below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have a look at the grid above. You\u2019re probably seeing black dots in the matrix above, right? Even though they\u2019re not there you still see them \u2013 at least you think so, or better, your brain thinks they\u2019re there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You might run into the same problem when evaluating a patient. Your decisions should be of the best possible quality as they have an effect on your patient\u2019s health. As shown by the grid above, there are similar pitfalls affecting your clinical decision-making:\u00a0cognitive biases. Your brain plays a trick on you making you prone to jump to conclusions using heuristics instead of systematic decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are several possible pitfalls we may encounter in our practice or clinical decision-making:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>1.<\/em> <em>The representativeness heuristic<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It describes the assumption that something that seems similar to other things in a certain category is itself a member of that category.<br>Example:<br>Participants were presented with descriptions of people who came from a fictitious group of 30 engineers and 70 lawyers. They were then asked to rate the probability that the person described as an engineer. Keeping in mind that only 30% were engineers, the participants\u2019 judgment was much more affected by the extent to which the description matched the stereotype of an engineer (e.g. \u201cSteve is conservative and careful\u201d) than by the base rate (30% were engineers). This shows that representativeness had a greater effect on judgments than did knowledge of the probabilities. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.nl\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiZ-IyAr5vPAhVnAcAKHZeXCxgQFggqMAA&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fjmiyamot%2Fp466%2Fkahneman%2520psych%2520o%2520prediction.pdf&amp;usg=AFQjCNEjHQCMAgscf50lMF9WGw_SP0Yj3w\">Kahneman &amp; Tversky<\/a>)<br>The same heuristic has been shown in nursing. Nurses were given two fictitious scenarios of patients with symptoms suggestive of either a heart attack or a stroke and asked to provide a diagnosis. The heart attack scenario sometimes included the additional information that the patient had recently been dismissed from his job, and the stroke scenario sometimes included the information that the patient\u2019s breath smelt of alcohol. The additional information had a highly significant effect on the diagnosis and made it less likely\u2014consistent with the representativeness heuristic\u2014that the nurses would attribute the symptoms to a serious physical cause. The effect of the additional information was similar for both qualified and student nurses, suggesting that training had little effect on the extent to which heuristics influenced diagnostic decisions. (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/330\/7494\/781\">Klein, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"quote-with-background\" style=\"\">\n    <div class=\"quote-with-background__in\">\n\n        <svg width=\"30px\" height=\"25px\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 25\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\">\n            <g id=\"Design\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\">\n                <g id=\"08-blog-redesign\" transform=\"translate(-191.000000, -2974.000000)\" fill=\"#7973FF\" fill-rule=\"nonzero\">\n                    <g id=\"Group-7\" transform=\"translate(80.000000, 2893.000000)\">\n                        <g id=\"\u201c\" transform=\"translate(111.000000, 81.000000)\">\n                            <path d=\"M6.4,25 C4.42666667,25 2.86666667,24.3743344 1.72,23.1230032 C0.573333333,21.871672 0,20.2609159 0,18.2907348 C0,17.2790202 0.173333333,16.2539936 0.52,15.215655 C0.866666667,14.1773163 1.49333333,12.513312 2.4,10.2236422 L6.48,0 L12.8,0 L10,12.5399361 C11.9733333,14.0841321 12.96,16.001065 12.96,18.2907348 C12.96,20.2076677 12.3466667,21.8051118 11.12,23.0830671 C9.89333333,24.3610224 8.32,25 6.4,25 Z M23.44,25 C21.4666667,25 19.9066667,24.3743344 18.76,23.1230032 C17.6133333,21.871672 17.04,20.2609159 17.04,18.2907348 C17.04,17.2790202 17.2133333,16.2539936 17.56,15.215655 C17.9066667,14.1773163 18.5333333,12.513312 19.44,10.2236422 L23.52,0 L29.84,0 L27.04,12.5399361 C29.0133333,14.0841321 30,16.001065 30,18.2907348 C30,20.2076677 29.3866667,21.8051118 28.16,23.0830671 C26.9333333,24.3610224 25.36,25 23.44,25 Z\" id=\"Shape\"><\/path>\n                        <\/g>\n                    <\/g>\n                <\/g>\n            <\/g>\n        <\/svg>\n       <div class=\"quote-with-background__content heading-three\">\n            <p class=\"heading-four\">Representativeness has a greater effect on judgments than knowledge of the probabilities.<\/p>\n       <\/div>\n       <div class=\"quote-with-background__info\">\n                   <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<!--    <div class=\"quote-with-background__background\">-->\n<!--        <svg width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" viewBox=\"0 0 849 447\" version=\"1.1\" preserveAspectRatio=none xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\">-->\n<!--            <g id=\"Design\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\">-->\n<!--                <g id=\"08-blog-redesign\" transform=\"translate(-80.000000, -2893.000000)\" fill=\"#F1F5FD\">-->\n<!--                    <g id=\"Group-7\" transform=\"translate(80.000000, 2893.000000)\">-->\n<!--                        <polygon id=\"Rectangle\" transform=\"translate(424.500000, 223.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-424.500000, -223.500000) \" points=\"0 99.703192 849 -4.43831367e-13 849 347.296808 0 447\"><\/polygon>-->\n<!--                    <\/g>-->\n<!--                <\/g>-->\n<!--            <\/g>-->\n<!--        <\/svg>-->\n<!--    <\/div>-->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>2.<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>The availability heuristic<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Placing particular weight on examples of things that come to mind easily, as they are easily remembered or were recently frequently encountered.<br>Example:<br>You just read a great editorial on the incidence of SI Joint dysfunction in LBP. Suddenly, a high number of LBP patients you see SURELY MUST HAVE SI joint problems&nbsp;&nbsp;It seems obvious to you in the heat of the moment as things that come to mind easily are likely to be common but chances are that your brain is misleading you. In order to avoid this ask yourself whether the information is truly relevant, rather than simply easily available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>3. Overconfidence<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a tricky one. We all think we are masters of our trade, don\u2019t we\u00a0;). But to use our knowledge effectively, we have to know the limitations. It is crucial that we identify gaps in our knowledge which in turn lead to suboptimal treatment. Overconfidence can also result in hasty decision-making in clinical diagnosis. Therefore it is key to be aware of the limits of our knowledge and to keep it up to date. Make a habit of asking colleagues for opinions and do your research to stay up to date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>4. The confirmatory bias<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s the tendency to look for information that confirms your pre-existing expectations. On the other end, information that contradicts the pre-existing expectation may be disregarded.<br>Asking questions, or worse stop asking questions, during patient history taking when information obtained fits with your early hypothesis. To avoid confirmatory bias, rather ask questions that may contradict or discard your early hypothesis and don\u2019t regard that information as irrelevant.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"cta\" style=\"\">\n    <div class=\"cta__in\">\n        <div class=\"left\">\n            <div class=\"cta__content text-color-light\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"own-size\">Orthopedic Physiotherapy of the Upper &#038; Lower Extremities<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t                <p>Boost Your Knowledge about the 23 Most Common Orthopedic Pathologies in Just 40 Hours Without Spending A Fortune on CPD Courses<\/p>\n                                        <div class=\"cta__button\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/study.physiotutors.com\/course\/orthopedic-physical-assessment\/\" class=\"button button-five\" target=\"_self\">\n                                    Learn More                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"right\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physiotutors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Extremity-course-mockup-full.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\n                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>5. The illusory correlation<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This one is especially prevalent in statistical analysis. It\u2019s the tendency to perceive two events as causally related when the connection between them is, at most, coincidental or even non-existent. Surely there is overlap with confirmatory bias when an outcome fits pre-existing ideas. A popular example is a claim that homeopathy works when a patient improves after being administered a homeopathic drug even though there is no sound evidence. Homeopaths will likely remember occasions when a patient improved after treatment \u2013 illusionary correlation.<br>Don\u2019t fall for these incorrect beliefs which may, in turn, lead to suboptimal practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It surely got us thinking and reinforced us to stay alert for biases and have an open mind each and every time we see a patient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thanks a lot for reading,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Andreas<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":15406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[325,197],"tags":[417,418,421,419,420,422,423],"tracking_tag":[],"class_list":["post-5272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ebp-statistics","category-education-career","tag-clinical-bias","tag-clinical-pitfalls","tag-overconfidence","tag-representative-heuristic","tag-the-availability-heuristic","tag-the-confirmatory-bias","tag-the-illusory-correlation"],"acf":{"sections":[{"acf_fc_layout":"featured-related","heading":"Related blog posts","subheading":"","content_editor":"","featured_or_related":"related","posts":null,"button_type":"internal_link","button_label":"","button_style":"button-one","button_internal_link":"","button_anchor":"","button_url":"","button_file":null}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Clinical Bias-What is it and how to avoid it - Physiotutors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Clinical Bias-What is it and how to avoid it. 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